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Human rights lawyers are calling for the government and local authorities to be held responsible for the deaths caused by the spreading cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights (ZLHR) have accused the authorities of neglecting their responsibilities in handling the outbreak. This is the third cholera outbreak in the country this year, with cases reported in all ten provinces. Since February 2023, there have been 200 cholera-related deaths and 130 hospitalizations.
The ZLHR stated that the ongoing cholera outbreak is a clear indication of the devastating consequences of failing to provide basic necessities to the people, and the government must act quickly to protect lives. The lawyers said:
<blockquote>
ZLHR CONDEMNS CHOLERA DEATHS AND FAILURE TO CONTAIN RECURRENT OUTBREAKS
ZIMBABWE Lawyers for Human Rights (ZLHR) implores central government and local authorities to contain the outbreak and spread of cholera in Zimbabwe, which has led to the unnecessary deaths of several people across the country. According to Ministry of Health and Child Care, more than 200 people are suspected to have fallen victim to the cholera outbreak in several parts of the country, while more than 130 people have been hospitalised since February 2023, when the first cases were publicly confirmed.
ZLHR is saddened that the ongoing deaths owing to cholera, which is a medieval disease, are a result of dereliction of duty by public officials and have brought desolation to the affected families and communities and the nation at large. It is extremely worrying that such a medieval and preventable disease continues to daim precious lives in Zimbabwe, 15 years after the country was afflicted by a deadly cholera outbreak, which was eradicated centuries ago in some countries. It is an indictment on both local and central government that Zimbabwe is still stalked by a medieval disease such as cholera. ZLHR holds both local and central government accountable for the recurrent cholera outbreaks and the unwarranted deaths of people because of their failure to invest in and manage basic water, sanitation infrastructure and public health facilities. The failure by central and local government to swiftly respond to the cholera epidemic through providing basic health services, medical treatment and services, clean running water and sanitary facilities to people, is an unacceptable failure of leadership and represents a clear failure by local authorities and government to uphold their constitutional obligations as provided in the Constitution and other regional and international instruments.
To arrest the cholera epidemic and prevent recurrent outbreaks of the primitive disease, ZLHR implores local and central government to;
Urgently take corrective measures to prevent further deaths from cholera, contain the epidemic, and prevent further outbreaks;
Provide clean running water and sanitary environs to all affected communities and others at risk of infection to halt the spread of the deadly disease;
Urgently provide all affected people with rapid free medical assistance and treatment;
Increase budget allocation on water, sanitation and hygiene to achieve 15% allocation to health as provided in the Abuja Declaration to enhance the quality of life of citizens;
Seriously embrace their social and economic rights obligations provided in the Constitution and guarantee progressive realisation of the right to healthcare, the right to safe, clean and potable water for everyone and the right to a clean environment that is not harmful to people’s health or their well-being.
</blockquote>
The World Health Organization (WHO) has intervened by setting up cholera treatment centres throughout the country. The WHO aims to improve access to critical care and prevent further deaths and the spread of the disease in vulnerable communities. The WHO representative to Zimbabwe, Jean-Marie Dangou, emphasized the importance of upgrading treatment centres to provide timely and effective care for cholera patients in rural areas. Jean-Marie Dangou added:
<blockquote>
By expanding treatment capacity, improving hygiene and equipping healthcare workers, we can save lives and contain the outbreak.
</blockquote>
To prevent the spread of cholera, the government of Zimbabwe has imposed a ban on gatherings in areas where the disease is common. The Health and Child Care Minister, Douglas Mombeshora, emphasized the importance of involving the community to effectively combat the outbreak. He said the government received equipment from the World Health Organization (WHO) and plans to distribute it to the areas most in need.
Cholera is a disease that spreads through contaminated water and food, causing severe diarrhoea and vomiting. Unfortunately, it has become prevalent in Zimbabwe. The ban on gatherings is one measure to control the disease, but the lack of access to safe drinking water remains a concern. In certain parts of the capital city, Harare, borehole water has been deemed unsafe for drinking.
<h3><a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">More Pindula News</a></h3>

Pindula News

Rights Lawyers Say Government And Local Authorities Responsible For Cholera Deaths

The Minister of Health and Child Care, Hon. Dr. Douglas Mombeshora, yesterday provided an update on the cholera outbreak to the Cabinet. He said as of 30 November 2023, Zimbabwe had recorded a total of 9,895 suspected cholera cases, with 9,466 recoveries and 53 confirmed deaths.
Mombeshora stated that during the period from 24 to 30 November, the highest number of cases, 607, was reported in Harare Metropolitan Province. However, this represents a decrease of 98 cases compared to the previous week. Similar slight decreases were observed in Mutare Rural and Buhera Districts in Manicaland Province.
The case fatality rate has decreased to 2.2%. The Minister attributed the decrease in cases and the case fatality rate to targeted interventions in the three main affected areas.
He said efforts are being made to bring healthcare services closer to communities by setting up Oral Rehydration Points manned by community health promoters. Training programs on case management and rapid response are also ongoing.
Mombeshora added that health education campaigns on cholera prevention and control, including hygiene promotion, are being conducted in all provinces of the country. In addition to the ongoing measures, the Cabinet has highlighted the following additional actions:
<blockquote>
1. Increasing health education on cholera and other diarrheal diseases in schools.
2. Improving water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions in communities.
3. Continuing to intensify risk communication and community engagement, with the involvement of religious and local leaders in the fight against cholera.
</blockquote>
Meanwhile, the City of Harare Communications Division has been actively raising awareness about cholera in different areas, including Mbare. The local government authority says residents have shown their willingness to support the city’s efforts in fighting cholera. The city health department has also informed residents that cholera treatment is provided free of charge at all council clinics.
The local government authority also received a donation of sanitisers from Cairde Hygenics to be used in the fight against cholera. 
<h3><a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">More Pindula News</a></h3>

Health Minister Gives An Update On Cholera Outbreak

The Zimbabwean government has taken various measures to provide treatment and prevent the spread of cholera. Cholera treatment camps and oral rehydration points have been established to ensure that affected individuals have access to medical services. These facilities are crucial in providing immediate treatment and preventing complications associated with cholera.
In addition to the treatment centers, the government is conducting training sessions for case management and rapid response teams, Information Minister, Dr Jenfan Muswere, said during a post-Cabinet media briefing yesterday. The minister said:
<blockquote>
Cabinet advises that by 26 November 2023, 46 cholera treatment camps were set up. 
Oral rehydration points are being set up in communities to bring services closer to the people. Case management and rapid response teams’ training sessions are ongoing using workstations, on the job and classroom methods to improve on disease management. 
Furthermore, health education on cholera prevention and control measures including hygiene promotion is ongoing in all provinces. Training of City Health promoters in Chitungwiza and Harare started this week targeting 300 community members who will spearhead door-to-door campaigns
</blockquote>
He added that health education, prevention, and control measures are also being implemented across all provinces. This includes raising awareness about cholera prevention strategies and promoting proper hygiene practices. Specific interventions are being put in place to augment the following services:
<blockquote>
a) that immediate safe water trucking in affected urban areas;
b) that the continuation of drilling and rehabilitation of boreholes;
c) that the monitoring of water quality in all areas;
d) that the provision of household water treatment technologies;
e) that the repairing of burst sewer pipes;
f) that the regular refuse collection and removal of garbage;
g) that restrictions of gatherings in all cholera-affected areas;
h) that supervision of all burials in all cholera-affected areas;
i) that there was a need to have functional public toilets in all public places by involvement of the private sector in the installation of temporary toilets; and
j) that installation of hand washing and sanitation devices in all public 
places be expedited.
</blockquote>
Between November 16 and 23, there were 1,744 new suspected cases of cholera reported. This is higher than the number of cases reported in the previous week, which was 1,259. During this period, two new districts, Zvishavane and Mbire, reported cases of cholera.
<h3><a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">More Pindula News</a></h3>

Cholera Treatment Camps And Oral Rehydration Points Established

The Harare City Council (HCC) has provided an update on the growing number of cholera cases in the city and the ongoing water problems. According to the local government authority’s statement seen by Pindula News, the cases of cholera in Harare are increasing. As of 23rd November 2023, there have been 150 confirmed cases and 15 deaths in Harare. The statement read in part:
<blockquote>
The most affected areas are Kuwadzana, Glen View, Glen Norah and Budiriro. The following have been identified as factors contributing to the spread of cholera:
1. Drinking of untreated borehole water
2. Drinking untreated well water
3. Attending and eating at gatherings
4. Attending gatherings and shaking hands
5. Presence of burst sewers in the communities
6. Consumption of cooked food from unlicensed vendors
</blockquote>
The Harare City Council has suggested some recommendations to address the cholera outbreak. They are urging everyone to work together to prevent more people from getting infected and dying from cholera. They are also asking people to report any suspected cases of cholera. It is important for everyone to cooperate and take action to stop the spread of the disease. We present the recommendations below:
<blockquote>
a. seek early treatment to prevent death. Treatment is free at all council clinics.
b. Avoid gatherings.
c. Treat all borehole and well water with water guard or aquatabs before drinking
d. Avoid food from unlicensed vendors
e. Report any suspected cholera case or death at the nearest clinic.
</blockquote>
Some individuals who read the statement expressed their disappointment, stating that they feel the local government authority is not taking the disease seriously.
The local government authority acknowledges that water is a major factor contributing to the cholera outbreak. However, they have been unable to effectively address the long-standing water problems faced by the city. In a recent update on the water situation, the city authorities admitted that certain areas in the city have been without access to water. Read the update:
<blockquote>
There was a serious burst on our internal reticulation network at Prince Edward yesterday (Wednesday) at 2200hrs. As a result of this, the plant was shut down as chemicals could not be prepared.
This shutdown has negatively affected water supply to the southern suburbs.
Work to repair the pipe is ongoing and normal operations are expected to resume anytime soon.
The affected areas include R.G. Mugabe International Airport, Cranborne, and Hatfield, parts of Chitungwiza, Mbare, Sunningdale and Graniteside.
Most areas in the southwestern suburbs including Glen Norah, Glen View, Kuwadzana and Rydle Ridge are accessing water except for Budiriro which is currently not accessing water.
The north-western suburbs including Tynwald, Bloomingdale and Dzivaresekwa are not accessing water.
Water supply to the northern suburbs including Hatcliffe, Borrowdale, Mt. Pleasant, Hogerty Hill and Helensvale is yet to be restored. 
Other areas in the zone like Vainona, Gunhill and New Alex are now accessing water.
The CBD and surrounding are accessing water.
The eastern suburbs of Greendale, Mandara, Mabvuku, Tafara, Zimre Park and Epworth are currently not accessing water.
</blockquote>
On the 23rd of November 2023, Harare was only able to supply 411 megaliters of water, even though the daily demand is over 1,200 megaliters per day. The water infrastructure in Harare was originally built in 1953 to support a population of 300,000. However, the city now has around 7 million people during the day and approximately 2 million at night.
Harare’s Deputy Mayor, Kudzai Kadzombe, recently stated that the city is unable to provide the required 1.2 million megaliters of water to ensure that every household has access to running water. She mentioned that the only solution is to look for other sources of water, such as the Kunzvi Dam. She told <a href="https://shecorrespondsafrica.com/harare-residents-resort-to-unsafe-water-sources-as-the-cholera-epidemic-rages-on/#:~:text=Council%20not%20able%20to%20meet%20the%20city's%20water%20demand&amp;text=This%20falls%20far%20short%20of,approximately%20two%20million%20at%20night.">She Corresponds Africa</a>:
<blockquote>
The Government of Zimbabwe is the one which is supposed to provide new sources of water such as Kunzvi Dam under the President’s office not through Harare City Council.
</blockquote>
In addition to the water shortage problem, it has been discovered through tests that the water provided to people’s homes by the local authority in Harare does not meet the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Furthermore, when the water comes out of the tap, it appears greenish in colour. Tests have shown that the water from boreholes in many neighbourhoods, both low-density and high-density areas, is contaminated. Water from unprotected sources such as shallow wells is also unsafe to drink. This contamination is believed to be the cause of the recurring cholera cases in the city. Due to these issues, many people in Harare are relying on private boreholes and wells in their homes to ensure they have access to safe and clean water for sanitation purposes.
<h3><a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">More Pindula News</a></h3>

Harare Gives Update On Growing Number Of Cholera Cases And Ongoing Water Problems

President <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/Emmerson_Mnangagwa/">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> indirectly attributed the recurring cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe to the opposition-led urban councils. He emphasised the urgent need for extensive renovation of local authorities to prevent diseases like cholera. The country has already witnessed over 100 deaths and around 500 confirmed cases.
In his column in <a href="https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/cholera-president-reassures-nation">The Sunday Mail</a> newspaper, Mnangagwa criticised the opposition-led local authorities for their mismanagement, which resulted in the deterioration of towns and cities in Zimbabwe. He said:
<blockquote>
Clean and safe drinking water is either unavailable or erratically supplied. Garbage collection services are largely dysfunctional, while broken sewers are a common sight, especially in our high-density suburbs.
While water bodies can be provided to potentially meet clean water requirements for our cities, it has become apparent that such a goal remains a pie in the sky until our local authorities are properly and efficiently run.
To compound it all, unplanned and uncontrolled settlements have created a runaway urban sprawl where uncontrolled human settlements have outpaced the provision of basic services that guarantee public health and essential amenities. Backbone infrastructure for water supply and reticulation in most of our towns and cities is broken, struggling, or non-existent.
</blockquote>
President Emmerson Mnangagwa highlighted that the key to eradicating waterborne diseases like cholera lies in improving service delivery rather than solely focusing on healthcare facilities. He emphasised the need for comprehensive renovations of local authorities throughout Zimbabwe to prevent periodic outbreaks of preventable diseases. Mnangagwa also announced plans for a nationwide borehole drilling program, prioritising access to clean and safe drinking water, particularly in 35,000 villages. These boreholes will be solar-powered to ensure sustainability.
The <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/Citizens'_Coalition_for_Change/">Citizens Coalition for Change</a>, responsible for most urban councils, did not provide a response when approached for comment. Marvelous Kumalo, the Harare Metropolitan Residents Forum chairperson, urged President Mnangagwa to stop blaming and instead collaborate with the councils to find solutions to the problem at hand. Kumalo told <a href="https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200018471/ed-blames-councils-for-cholera-outbreaks">NewsDay</a>:
<blockquote>
It pities that instead of being a solution-holder, the President is playing a hide and seek game, blaming the opposition for the mess that we find most of our urban local authorities in at the moment.
Indeed, poor service delivery, especially lack of access to clean, safe and potable water, as well as chaotic waste management standards, are behind the cholera epidemic. But blaming each other will not address anything.
We urge the central government to accept responsibility and take itself as part of the problem so that, together with local authorities, they can come up with sustainable solutions to service delivery challenges facing our communities.
After all, local authorities are just sub-national governments that are part of the central government under the supervision of the President himself.
</blockquote>
Kumalo emphasized that the responsibility for creating more water bodies rested with the central government. He criticized the government for failing to initiate the construction of the proposed Kunzvi and Muda dams, indicating a misalignment of priorities. Kumalo pointed out that the growing population in Chitungwiza and greater Harare, relying solely on the Morton Jaffray Water Plant, was unsustainable. He also highlighted the need for the central government to allocate sufficient funds to local authorities for sewer system upgrades to accommodate the rapid population growth.
Shepherd Chikomba, the national chairperson of the Zimbabwe National Organisation of Associations and Residents Trust, expressed concern about President Mnangagwa’s plan to drill boreholes in urban areas. Chikomba told NewsDay that instead of turning cities into rural areas, the government should invest in improving water infrastructure. He emphasised the need for treated tap water in urban areas while suggesting that boreholes should be drilled in rural areas. Chikomba also stressed that elected officials should prioritize representing all residents rather than their political affiliations.
<h3><a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">More Pindula News</a></h3>

President Mnangagwa Attributes Recurring Cholera Outbreaks To Opposition-led Urban Councils

Zimbabwe has recorded a cumulative 3 017 suspected cases of cholera, with Manicaland having recorded the highest number at 1 251, followed by Harare with 1 121.
This was said by the Minister of Information, Publicity and Broadcasting Services, Monica Mutsvangwa, during a post-cabinet media briefing on Thursday. Said Mutsvangwa:
<blockquote>
The nation is informed that as of 24 June 2023, Zimbabwe’s cumulative suspected cases had reached 3 017, with 2 910 recoveries, 19 confirmed deaths, and 52 suspected deaths.
The case fatality rate (CFR) for all deaths, confirmed and suspected, was 2.4%.
All provinces have reported cholera suspected cases, with Manicaland having recorded the highest number at 1 251, followed by Harare with 1 121 and Matabeleland South Province with 277.
Cholera-confirmed deaths have been recorded in Manicaland (12), Harare (3), Mashonaland Central (2), and Mashonaland West and Masvingo with one case each.
Regarding the regional situation, a cumulative 154 317 suspected cholera cases and 2 747 deaths have been reported in the African Region.
</blockquote>
She also said the Government will take measures to address the water, sanitation challenges which are fuelling the cholera outbreak.
Cholera is a bacterial disease causing severe diarrhoea and dehydration, usually spread in water.
<h2>Causes</h2>
Cholera is caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae which produces a toxin that affects the cells lining the small intestine, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration.
The bacteria is spread through contaminated water or food, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and inadequate access to clean water.
<h2>Cholera Symptoms</h2>
Cholera symptoms typically appear within a few hours to five days after infection and can range from mild to severe.
The most common symptom is a sudden onset of diarrhea which is often described as “rice-water” stools because of its pale, milky appearance with flecks of mucous and sometimes blood.
The other cholera symptoms are:
<ul>
<li>nausea and vomiting</li>
<li>dehydration (characterized by dry mouth and throat, feeling dizzy when standing up, decreased urine output, or dark-colored urine)</li>
<li>muscle cramps and weakness</li>
<li>rapid heart rate</li>
<li>low blood pressure</li>
</ul>
Cholera can also lead to shock, seizures, and even death if left untreated.
<h2>Prevention</h2>
Measures to prevent cholera include the following:
<ul>
<li>Washing of hands frequently with soap and clean water, especially after using the toilet or before eating.</li>
<li>Ensuring that drinking water is safe and free of contamination. Boiling water for at least one minute or using water filters or purification tablets is highly recommended.</li>
<li>Avoid raw or undercooked seafood, fruits, and vegetables that may have come into contact with contaminated water. People should stick to cooked foods that are served hot.</li>
<li>Surfaces that may have come into contact with contaminated water, such as kitchen counters and utensils should be sanitised.</li>
<li>Getting vaccinated against cholera can help prevent the disease.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Treatment</h2>
The most important aspect of treating cholera is to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through diarrhea and vomiting.
This can be done through oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or intravenous fluids in severe cases.
Cholera can also be treated by using antibiotics which shorten the duration and severity of cholera symptoms, as well as decrease the amount of bacteria shed in stool.
Zinc has been shown to reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea in children with cholera and other causes of acute diarrhea.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

Zimbabwe Records 3 017 Suspected Cholera Cases, 52 deaths

The Harare City Health Department has activated emergency Cholera response systems after three confirmed, and 11 suspected cholera cases were recorded in Budiriro 1 over the past five days.
According to <a href="https://healthtimes.co.zw/2023/04/27/11-budiriro-residents-contract-cholera-after-drinking-water-from-contaminated-well/">Health Times</a>, the 11 suspected cases and the confirmed three, all emanate from one area in Budiriro 1 where residents get water from an unprotected water source.
Speaking during a recent Media Science Café organized by the Health Communicators Forum in Zimbabwe (HCF), City of Harare Epidemiologist, Dr Michael Vere said they have identified and closed the well which is the source of the infections. He said:
<blockquote>
We have got 11 suspected Cholera cases but amongst these cases, three have been confirmed already.
The first case was recorded on the 22nd of April and this was a 15-year-old Child who stays in Budiriro 1 and has got no history of travel to any of the areas affected so far by Cholera in Zimbabwe or in the region.
We are investigating local sources of this infection and so far, what has been done is that we have taken water samples from the water sources of these 11 cases and there is a common source which is a Well at one of the households of these cases.
This is a Well that we are suspecting and we have also closed the Well and we have also collected samples from surrounding boreholes and some well close to that area and we are awaiting results.
</blockquote>
Speaking at the same event, however, Harare Residents Trust (HRT) Director, Precious Shumba criticised Harare City Council for failing to provide adequate water supply for residents. He said:
<blockquote>
Cholera occurs sporadically when water supply, sanitation, food safety, and hygiene are inadequate (City of Harare, 2009). Vending sites have no water and sanitation facilities.
There are no toilets or sources of water to service the majority of vendors in the communities.
Water is in short supply across the suburbs with residents largely dependent on community boreholes and shallow wells, especially in Mabvuku, Tafara, Glen Norah, Chitungwiza, Epworth, Budiriro, and Glen View.
Reports of sewerage bursts are not being urgently attended to when they are made to council offices dotted across the suburbs.
There is very poor responsiveness of the council in tackling this health challenge.
</blockquote>
The symptoms of cholera can range from mild to severe and can include diarrhea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. In severe cases, rapid loss of body fluids can lead to dehydration and shock.
Cholera can be prevented by ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Other preventive measures include washing hands frequently with soap and water, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding raw or undercooked seafood.
The disease can be treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which involves drinking a solution of salt, sugar, and water to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
More: <a href="https://zero.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

11 Budiriro Residents Contract Cholera From Contaminated Well

Nelson Chamisa the leader of the opposition MDC has told his supporters that the party was this year going to participate in the Clean-up campaign that was initiated by President Emmerson Mnangagwa.
Addressing party supporters at Stodart Hall in Mbare where he was presenting the party’s Agenda 2020, Chamisa said that the party’s position had since changed. He said:
<blockquote>National building and nation development is a collective affair as MDC must do away with oppositional mindset. So, in all places, MDC must show its footprints.
We have not been participating in the national cleaning programme. Beginning this year, we are going to be part of the government’s clean-up campaign. We are coming up with what is called Jekesa Zimbabwe.
Every month, on the day that has been set aside for cleaning up places, we will now take part as MDC…we must have a nation-building project.</blockquote>
MDC did not participate in the programme for the whole of last year with its and officials and supporters saying that Mnangagwa was addressing window-shopping issues when real issues were not being considered.
Local authorities in Zimbabwe, Harare City, for instance, have not been regularly collecting garbage and this is worrying considering that Zimbabwe recently recorded cholera outbreaks.
More: <a href="https://www.newzimbabwe.com/mdc-joins-zanu-pf-cleaning-exercise-introduces-smart-communities-in-rural-areas/">New Zimbabwe</a>

MDC Makes U-Turn, Pledges To Join ED's National Clean-Up Campaign

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