ZESA Holdings Executive Chairman Sydney Gata said that the decision to adopt electricity tariffs reflecting costs has led to increased investments in the energy sector, which could help address the power crisis Zimbabwe is currently experiencing.
While speaking to delegates at the inaugural Zimbabwe-Zambia (Zim-Zam) Energy Projects Summit on Tuesday in Victoria Falls, Gata said that since the change in December, there has been increased investment in the sector. Said Gata:
<blockquote>
Immediately after the tariffs were corrected, we called in industry, mining in particular and told them that now they can also invest in electricity infrastructure.
</blockquote>
Gata said miners were advised to stop relying on the government to underwrite the energy risks associated with their operations, and their response has been positive. He added:
<blockquote>
As we are talking right now our sector demands approximately 700 megawatts and from the projections from the survey that we did we anticipate that in the next three to five years we will be requiring about 2,000 megawatts, which is above what the country is currently generating.
</blockquote>
Several projects are set to come online next year to address Zimbabwe’s energy shortages, including the refurbishment of coal-fired plants by Jindal Steel and Power, and the development of solar power facilities by Tsingshan Holding Group Co’s Afrochine Smelting and PPC.
These initiatives aim to alleviate the persistent power outages exacerbated by a severe drought, which has drastically reduced hydroelectric generation at the Kariba Dam, the country’s primary energy source.
Currently, the Kariba power station is operating at just 10% of its installed capacity of 1,050 megawatts. As of November 19, total power generation in the country stood at 1,273.5 megawatts, which is just over half of the total demand.
The power shortfall is also being fueled by high demand from the mining sector. Isaac Kwesu, Chief Executive Officer of the Zimbabwe Chamber of Mines, said that the mining industry is experiencing an average annual growth of 9%, driven by key sectors like lithium, coal, iron, and steel.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

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Electricity prices went up in Zimbabwe, which led to more money being invested in the energy sector to help with the power crisis. Companies were told to invest in their own power sources instead of relying on the government. The country needs more electricity than it currently makes, so new projects are being planned like fixing coal-fired plants and creating solar power facilities. The lack of rain has also made it harder to generate hydroelectric power. The mining industry uses a lot of electricity and is growing fast.

Electricity Tariff Hike Sparked Growth In Energy Investments, Says ZESA Boss

The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC) has pegged the electricity tariffs in United States dollars.
In a notice to customers, ZETDC said the tariff is payable at the prevailing interbank rate on the date of the purchase. Reads the notice:
<blockquote>
ZETDC would like to advise its valued clients of the domestic prepaid cost guide that applies to the first purchase of each month.
The tariff is pegged in US$ and is payable at the prevailing interbank rate on the date of the purchase.
Clients can use the following cost guide based on ZERA approved tariff of 1 December 2023. The unit cost is inclusive of the 6% REA Levy.
50.00 Units (kWh) – US$4.24
100.00 Units (kWh) – US$9.01
200.00 Units (kWh) – US$25.97
250.00 Units (kWh) – US$38.16
300.00 Units (kWh) – US$50.35
350.00 Units (kWh) – US$63.60
400.00 Units (kWh) – US$76.85
500.00 Units (kWh) – US$104.41
600.00 Units (kWh) – US$131.97
700.00 Units (kWh) – US$159.53
800.00 Units (kWh) – US$187.09
900.00 Units (kWh) – US$214.65
1000.00 Units (kWh) – US$242.21
Units costs (exclusive of the 6% REAL levy) are as follows:
0-50 kWh cost US$0.08/kWh
51-100 kWh cost US$0.09/kWh
101-200 kWh cost US$0.16/kWh
201-300 kWh cost US$0.23/kWh
301-400 kWh cost US$0.25/kWh
Above 400kWh cost US$0.26/kWh
This notice serves as a cost guide and clients are advised to be guided accordingly.
<img alt="May be an image of text" decoding="async" src="https://scontent-cpt1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/430829268_435552502142982_1828765724059454890_n.jpg?_nc_cat=109&amp;ccb=1-7&amp;_nc_sid=dd5e9f&amp;_nc_ohc=HbUEVPQraKgAX9pjKkK&amp;_nc_ht=scontent-cpt1-1.xx&amp;oh=00_AfAy6z_MEQilkPNcDNwP4g8nCr681ZfabFaxsSnZ0qjrnw&amp;oe=65EAB93E"/>
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More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

ZESA Pegs Electricity Tariffs In US Dollars

The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), a subsidiary of ZESA Holdings, has announced electricity tariffs effective 29 February 2024.
ZETDC said consumers will get the following on their first purchase (domestic tariff):
50 Units / kWh – $ 64,000.00
100 Units / kWh – $136,000.00
150 Units / kWh – $263,000.00
200 Units / kWh – $ 390,000.00
250 Units / kWh – $572,000.00
300 Units / kWh – $753,000.00
350 Units / kWh – $950,000.00
400 Units / kWh – $1,148,000.00
450 Units / kWh – $1,355,000.00
500 Units / kWh – $1,560,000.00
600 Units / kWh – $1,970,000.00
700 Units / kWh – $2,380,000.00
800 Units / kWh – $2,790,000.00
900 Units / kWh – $3,203,000.00
1000 Units / kWh – $3,615,000.00
<img alt="" class="alignnone wp-image-271817 size-full" decoding="async" height="418" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px" src="https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ZETDC.jpg" srcset="https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ZETDC.jpg 590w, https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ZETDC-300x213.jpg 300w" width="590"/>
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ZESA Electricity Tariffs Effective 29 February 2024

The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), a subsidiary of ZESA Holdings, has announced electricity tariffs effective 25 January 2024.
The new tariff adjustment comes hard on the heels of another tariff review effected by the power utility on 11 January this year.
It comes as the value of the Zimbabwe dollar continues to depreciate against other currencies in the country’s basket of multi-currencies.
ZETDC said consumers will get the following on their first purchase (domestic tariff):
50 Units / kWh – $ 40,000.00
100 Units / kWh – $86,000.00
150 Units / kWh – $165,000.00
200 Units / kWh – $246,000.00
250 Units / kWh – $360,000.00
300 Units / kWh – $474,000.00
350 Units / kWh – $ 599,000.00
400 Units / kWh – $724,000.00
450 Units / kWh – $ 854,000.00
500 Units / kWh – $983,000.00
600 Units / kWh – $ 1,243,000.00
700 Units / kWh – $ 1,503,000.00
800 Units / kWh – $1,763,000.00
900 Units / kWh – $ 2,023,000.00
1000 Units / kWh – $ 2,281,000.00
<img alt="" class="alignnone wp-image-270204 size-full" decoding="async" height="469" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px" src="https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ZETDC-1.jpg" srcset="https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ZETDC-1.jpg 786w, https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ZETDC-1-300x179.jpg 300w, https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ZETDC-1-768x458.jpg 768w" width="786"/>
The electricity tariffs effective that were effected on 11 January 2024 were as follows:
50 Units / kWh – $35,000.00
100 Units / kWh – $75,000.00
150 Units / kWh – $145,000.00
200 Units / kWh – $215,000.00
250 Units / kWh – $315,000.00
300 Units / kWh – $415,000.00
350 Units / kWh – $525,000.00
400 Units / kWh – $634,000.00
450 Units / kWh – $747,000.00
500 Units / kWh – $861,000.00
600 Units / kWh – $1,088,000.00
700 Units / kWh – $1,315,000.00
800 Units / kWh – $1,542,000.00
900 Units / kWh – $1,769,000.00
1000 Units / kWh – $1,996,000.00
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

ZESA Electricity Tariffs Effective 25 January 2024

The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), a subsidiary of ZESA Holdings, has announced electricity tariffs effective 11 January 2024.
ZETDC said consumers will get the following on their first purchase (domestic tariff):
50 Units / kWh – $35,000.00
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100 Units / kWh – $75,000.00
150 Units / kWh – $145,000.00
200 Units / kWh – $215,000.00
250 Units / kWh – $315,000.00
300 Units / kWh – $415,000.00
350 Units / kWh – $525,000.00
400 Units / kWh – $634,000.00
450 Units / kWh – $747,000.00
500 Units / kWh – $861,000.00
600 Units / kWh – $1,088,000.00
700 Units / kWh – $1,315,000.00
800 Units / kWh – $1,542,000.00
900 Units / kWh – $1,769,000.00
1000 Units / kWh – $1,996,000.00
<img alt="" class="alignnone wp-image-269538 size-full" decoding="async" height="425" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px" src="https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ZETDC.jpg" srcset="https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ZETDC.jpg 606w, https://news.pindula.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ZETDC-300x210.jpg 300w" width="606"/>
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ZESA Announces Electricity Tariffs Effective 11 January 2024

The Minister of Energy and Power Development, Edgar Moyo, has said private sector investments in Zimbabwe’s power sector have been negatively affected by currency-induced risks.
Moyo told <a href="https://www.theindependent.co.zw/business-digest/article/200021234/currency-crisis-holding-back-power-deals-govt">The Independent</a> that the Government will ensure that a cost-reflective electricity tariff is in place to capacitate power utility ZESA Holdings and attract investment from the private sector. He said:
<blockquote>
Everything hinges on currency convertibility. Everything hinges on the capacity of the off-taker (of electricity) to pay through a cost-reflective tariff, which is now being addressed. These are some of the measures that have been put in place to attract investments.
The other thing is that we are not looking so much from outside. We want to mobilise resources internally for the upgrade and integrity of our transmission infrastructure and the development of new lines.
We are looking at the current route towards cost reflectivity to capacitate the utility (ZESA) to improve our transmission.
We have said the private sector must play its part. The government will remain largely as a regulator and not an active player.
Beyond that, we are inviting the private sector through policy formulation (especially) the indexation of the tariffs to the US dollars.
</blockquote>
In October, the Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) awarded ZESA a 2 US cents tariff increase, taking the price to 12 US cents, from 10 US cents.
However, the current average power price per kilowatt hour (kwh) in southern Africa is 12.54 US cents.
The majority of Zimbabweans pay for electricity in the local currency, which depreciated by over 700% this year alone.
The country is currently generating just over 1 000 megawatts (MW) per day against a national demand estimated at 1 800 MW.
On Wednesday, 27 December, the Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC), which is ZESA Holdings’ power generating unit, said the country was generating a total of 1 187 MW.
Hwange Power Station was producing a paltry 382 MW even though its installed capacity is over 1 000MW.
Kariba South Hydro Power Station was generating the bulk of the power, 750MW, despite dwindling water levels in Lake Kariba.
ZPC said independent power producers (IPPs) were generating 55MW.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

Low Electricity Tariffs Holding Back Investments Into Energy Sector - Minister

The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), a subsidiary of ZESA Holdings, has announced electricity tariffs effective 31 October 2023.
ZETDC said consumers will get the following on their first purchase (domestic tariff):
50 Units / kWh – $19,650.00
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100 Units / kWh – $42,300.00
150 Units / kWh – $81,550.00
200 Units / kWh – $120,850.00
250 Units / kWh – $175,200.00
300 Units / kWh – $229,500.00
350 Units / kWh – $289,950.00
400 Units / kWh – $350,400.00
450 Units / kWh – $413,800.00
500 Units / kWh – $477,200.00
600 Units / kWh – $604,100.00
700 Units / kWh – $731,000.00
800 Units / kWh – $857,900.00
900 Units / kWh – $984,700.00
1000 Units / kWh – $1,111,500.00
The Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) recently approved a new electricity tariff adjustment for ZETDC.
ZETDC applied for the approval for an adjustment of USc2/kWh and stagger the tariff to a level of cost reflectivity.
Prior to the application, ZETDC had been charging an average tariff of USc10.63/kWh approved in October 2019 and maintained the value of that tariff through indexation.
The new tariff adjustment of USc2/kWh was implemented on 24 October 2023.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>
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ZESA Hikes Electricity Tariffs Effective 31 October 2023

PUBLIC NOTICE ON ZETDC APPLICATION FOR ELECTRICITY TARIFF REVIEW FOR 2023
(Section 53 (10) of the Electricity Act (Chapter 13:19))
The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), in compliance with section 53 of the Electricity Act (Chapter 13:19) of 2002, has submitted to the Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA), an application for a review of electricity tariffs for 2023.
1. Reasons for seeking electricity tariff review:
a. To enable the utility to raise the revenue required for service provision in 2023.
b. To cover costs for Purchase of Electricity, Operations and Maintenance, Regulatory costs, Research and development costs and General Admin.
c. To take into consideration adjustment for under-recovery in the previous year.
d. To create capacity to be able to support economic growth in the Mining, Agriculture, Industrial and Tourism sectors.
2. Magnitude of the tariff adjustment being applied for:
The magnitude of the tariff adjustment being applied for in the interim is an increase of USc2/kWh on the existing tariff.
3. The projects to be funded include:
a. Rehabilitation and maintenance of the transmission and distribution network
b. Servicing of the loan for Hwange 7 &amp; 8
c. Repowering of Hwange 1-6
d. Procurement of operational vehicles
e. Procurement of critical spares, tools and equipment.
f. Kariba Unit 4 runner replacement
4. The expected impact of tariff adjustment on the economy:
a. Improved power supply availability and reliability
b. Increased economic productivity
c. Increased capacity utilisation
d. Attraction of investment into the energy sector through IPPs
e. Improved response time to attend faults
f. Improved security of electricity infrastructure
g. Reduction in electrical accidents
h. Improved service delivery
i. Attainment of NDS1 and NDS2 targets and ultimately realisation of Vision 2030
5. Internal measures undertaken to improve efficiency, revenue collection and system losses:
a. Completion of prepaid metering programme.
b.Installation of smart meters and migration of medium and large power users to prepayment.
c. Completion of statistical metering to enable load balancing.
d. Automation of manual processes to improve efficiency.
e. Network reinforcement and rehabilitation.
f. A State-of-the-Art National Contact Centre to improve customer service delivery and reaction time to faults.
g. Decommissioning and repurposing of the Small Thermals.
h. Conclusion of the construction of transmission lines and substations for purposes of evacuating power (600 MW) from Hwange 7 &amp; 8 projects.
i. Implemented cost containment measures and that will continue to be maintained in 2023.
Customers or customer groups wishing to make submissions on ZETDC’s tariff review proposal may do so in writing to the Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA) Chief Executive Officer not later than 12 October 2023.
The submissions should be made to the following:
Email: admin@zera.co.zw
Landline: +263-242-780010/253461
Fax: +263-242-250696
14th Floor Century Towers; 
45 Samora Machel Avenue; 
HARARE.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

Public Notice On ZETDC Application For Electricity Tariff Increase | Full Txt

The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC) has applied for an increase of electricity tariffs for 2023 by US2 cents/kWh.
According to <a href="https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/zetdc-seeks-tariff-increase-to-boost-power-supply">The Sunday Mail</a>, the electricity tariff of US2 cents/kWh translates to about $147 in Zimbabwe dollars.
ZETDC, a subsidiary of State-owned power utility ZESA Holdings, says the tariff increase will fund projects that include rehabilitation and maintenance of the transmission and distribution network, and service loans, and refurbishment of old units at Hwange Thermal Power Station. Reads the notice in part:
<blockquote>
The Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company, in compliance with section 53 of the Electricity Act (Chapter 13:19) of 2002, has submitted to the Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (ZERA), an application for review of electricity tariffs for 2023.
Reasons for seeking electricity tariff review: to enable the utility to raise the revenue required for service provision in 2023, to cover costs for Purchase of Electricity, Operations and Maintenance, Regulatory costs, Research and development costs and General Admin to take into consideration adjustment for under-recovery in the previous year.
To create capacity to be able to support economic growth in the Mining, Agriculture, Industrial and Tourism sectors. The magnitude of the tariff adjustment being applied for in the interim is an increase of USc2/kWh on the existing tariff.
</blockquote>
ZETDC has one of the region’s lowest electricity tariffs in the Southern African region.
The Sunday Mail reported that in South Africa, the tariff is US11,2 cents/KWh, while Namibia charges US16 cents/KWh.
Mozambique’s tariff is US12,4 cents/kWh, with Madagascar setting the tariff at US15,3 cents/kWh. In Mauritius, it is US14 cents/kWh, while it is US12,6 cents/kWh in Malawi.
In Eswatini, it is US14 cents/kWh, while it is US11 cents/kWh in Botswana, US7,4 cents/kWh in Zambia, US10,54 cents/kWh in Tanzania and Seychelles charges US27 cents/kWh.
ZETDC is reportedly buying electricity at a tariff of US12 cents/kWh and, in turn, selling to the consumer at an average tariff of US10 cents/kWh.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

ZESA Applies For Electricity Tariff Increase

Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI) president Kurai Matsheza says another electricity tariff increase could trigger a rise in prices.
This comes as manufacturers, who were seeking the Government’s intervention on umbrella US$ billing, were told to embrace it and expect a cost-reflective tariff by the Minister of Energy and Power Development, Zhemu Soda.
Speaking to <a href="https://businesstimes.co.zw/more-pain-for-zim-industry/">Business Times</a>, Matsheza said the development will trigger price increases, as the businesses will pass on the cost to consumers to survive. He said:
<blockquote>
We engaged the Energy and Power Development minister [Soda Zhemu] over the blanket US$ billing and his response was the billing was justified and the current power tariff was not cost-reflective despite an increase to around US$0.12 per kWh from US$0.09/ kWh.
</blockquote>
Last month, captains of industry and ZESA held a meeting on power billing in USD but the meeting proved fruitless after the power utility rejected local companies’ proposals.
Manufacturers wanted the Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), a unit of ZESA Holdings, to have the US$ bills to be matched to the proportion of forex sales but the power utility rejected the proposal and insisted on a blanket bill.
Matsheza said the tariff for exporters was way above the regional average of US11.7c/ kWh. He said:
<blockquote>
ZETDC told us the billing in US$ for exporting companies and those who are generating US$ through local sales should pay 100% in forex.
We raised an issue to say these blanket groupings may not be ideal. Whilst we understand the need to raise US$, why didn’t they look at the individual customer and say to what extent do you generate US$ sales and bill accordingly?
</blockquote>
Captains of industry are arguing that if one is an exporter and exports at an extent of 50% that is what must be billed.
However, according to CZI, Zhemu said the sub-economic tariff had left ZESA in a crisis.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

Electricity Tariff Increase Could Trigger Price Hikes - CZI

The National Energy Regulator (NERSA) on Thursday granted power utility ESKOM an 18.65% tariff increase, which is way below the 32% tariff increase that ESKOM had applied for.
The increases will be effective from 1 April this year.
Regulator Member for electricity Regulation, Nhlanhla Gumede conceded that the decision to increase tariffs was a tough one considering that consumers are facing financial challenges.
Gumede, however, said that given the rolling power cuts and the difficult operating environment that ESKOM is currently facing, they were left with no choice but to hike electricity tariffs. Said Gumede:
<blockquote>
We need to safeguard the need of the current and future users and we need to try and achieve efficiency.
We need to try to achieve efficient, effective and sustainable development of the electricity supply infrastructure.
We need to facilitate investments both in the supply and the demand side we need to promote universal access to electricity. 
We need to promote competitiveness and customer and end-user choice. Importantly, we need to facilitate a balance between the interest of consumers and that of end users, licensees and investors in the supply industry and the public.
</blockquote>
Independent economic and energy analyst Tshepo Kgadima recently said the electricity tariff has increased by a whopping 753% over the last 10 years and blamed politicians for the increase. Added Kgadima:
<blockquote>
There is no economy anywhere that can remain competitive, that can continue to industrialise with such electricity tariff increases.
</blockquote>
Meanwhile, Stage 6 rolling blackouts have been implemented continuously from 4 PM on Wednesday until further notice.
ESKOM said 11 generators amounting to 5 084MW of capacity suffered breakdowns since Tuesday morning. | <a href="https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/nersa-grants-eskom-18-65-tariff-increase/">SABC News</a>

SA: Eskom Granted Permission To Hike Tariff By 18.65%

ZESA Holdings has defended the approval of a 50% increase in the electricity tariff to US$0.1221/kWh from US$0.08/kWh saying it was meant to ensure an uninterrupted supply to miners and industry.
Mining companies say the hike threatens the attainment of the US$12 billion mining industry.
However, Howard Choga, the managing director of the Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), a subsidiary of ZESA, said for the past twenty years, the power utility had been operating below cost. Choga said:
<blockquote>
Electricity supply challenges are sitting on top of the challenges that the miners are facing.
The mining industry believes that electricity charges are very expensive; they want them to be lowered from the current US$0.1221/kWh to US$0.1026/kWh.
But the challenge is for us to find what is needed to correct the anomaly.
What I can tell you is that we are behind in terms of refurbishment and rehabilitation of the network to the tune of about US$2bn.
This is actually occasioned by the fact that for the past 20 years we have been operating below cost.
… let’s accept the tariff for us to have a better future in Zimbabwe and achieve our targets.
</blockquote>
According to Business Times, this year’s demand was 1850MW against the supply of 1400MW, with imports from Zambia, South Africa, and Mozambique augmenting local supplies. | <a href="https://businesstimes.co.zw/govt-justifies-exorbitant-power-tariff/">Business Times</a>

ZESA Defends Electricity Tariff Hike

Industry has rejected ZESA’s proposal to increase electricity tariffs in United States dollars from the current US$0.0981 per kWh to US$0.1221 per kilowatt hour (kWh) to ensure adequate supplies.
Last week, ZESA held a crisis meeting with industry representative bodies including the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI), the Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce (ZNCC) and the Chamber of Mines of Zimbabwe where the proposal was tabled.
However, the captains of industry stated that they do not have the capacity to pay increased power tariffs as they depend on the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe’s foreign currency system to access forex.
Speaking to <a href="https://businesstimes.co.zw/industry-rejects-zesa-tariff-hike/">Business Times</a>, CZI president Kurai Matsheza the association’s members are struggling with forex shortages, high cost of production and liquidity crunch. He said:
<blockquote>
Industry does not have the capacity to pay such a tariff. As you know we have predominantly participated in the forex auction system to access forex hence a US$0.12 tariff is very difficult for the members.
</blockquote>
ZNCC president, Mike Kamungeremu, also argued that the majority of their members have no capacity to pay high electricity tariffs. He said:
<blockquote>
Most of the members are struggling to meet ZESA’s demands and this will take a knock on most companies.
Only big corporations have agreed to pay such huge amounts.
The situation is very tough for manufacturers.
</blockquote>
Zimbabwe has been struggling with power shortages for several years now but the situation became more precarious over the past few weeks due to low generation capacity at ZESA’s ageing power plants.

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