Statement by Ben Freeth, Spokesperson for SADC Tribunal Rights Watch, Zimbabwe, regarding the Zimbabwean government’s issuance of title deeds to holders of land expropriated from white commercial farmers:
<blockquote>
SADC Tribunal Rights Watch is concerned about the Zimbabwe government’s current plans, overseen by the highly controversial and US-sanctioned businessman, Kudakwashe Tagwirei, to issue “title deeds” for farms that already have legally issued title deeds owned by former white commercial farmers, small holders, members of the Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) whose properties were seized, and others.
These title deed owners have not been compensated for their land, despite having final and binding court judgments which confirm that such original title deeds are still bona fide.
At an event on President Mnangagwa’s Precabe farm near Kwekwe on Friday 20 December 2024, a handful of farmers, including Mnangagwa, received “title deeds” to the farms they are currently on.”
Such deeds fly in the face of international law and the Southern African Development Community’s SADC Treaty of 1992.
The final and binding judgement of the Southern African Development Community’s SADC Tribunal in the Campbell case, will render these new “title deeds” unbankable and, in the final analysis, worthless unless there is first a full and fair settlement with the owners of the original title deeds.
In 2008, the tribunal found for a group of Zimbabwean farmers on the basis that they were deprived of their land without the right of access to the courts and the right to a fair hearing, both of which are essential human rights.
In this way, the tribunal held that the Zimbabwe government breached the provisions in the SADC Treaty: Mike Campbell (Pvt) Ltd and Others v Republic of Zimbabwe (28 November 2008).
As is the case with the various and numerous attempts to issue new currencies in the Zimbabwean economy — there have been six attempts in 15 years to replace the US dollar as the primary currency — these new “title deeds” will become worthless.
We fully support any initiative to issue bona fide title deeds on farms that have been authentically bought by the Zimbabwe Government and in communal areas where Zimbabweans have never enjoyed the benefits that freehold title deeds accrue to their owners.
We applaud governments like the Rwandan government and others for their bold move to issue many millions of bona fide freehold title deeds to their people and thereby emancipate those people, creating wealth for them and the country from “thin air”.
We are convinced that this, along with the firm establishment of the rule of law, is the fundamental game changer which will allow Africa to overcome poverty.
As the president of the African Development Bank, Dr Akinwumi Adesina pointed out in November 2023, “Our governments must realise their responsibility to lift people out of poverty and into wealth as quickly as possible.”
The current move by the Zimbabwe government to issue what have been described by some as “counterfeit title” will only create more confusion and stagnation in the agricultural economy and in Zimbabwe generally.
The Zimbabwe Government needs to return to the rule of law, re-establish justice systems, obey final and binding judgments such as the Campbell judgement in SADC Tribunal, and allow its people the freedom to develop by ensuring freehold title deeds are fully bankable and transferable to all Zimbabweans, irrespective of their political allegiance, tribe or race.
If this is done, the economy will grow exponentially in a dramatic and exciting way and investment will pour into the land of Zimbabwe, securing our status as a great African success story. 
</blockquote>

Pindula News

The Zimbabwe government is giving out new title deeds, but they are not real. People who already own the land legally are not being compensated. This goes against the law. The new title deeds are worthless and cannot be used in banks. The government needs to follow the law, issue real title deeds, and support the people to grow the economy. If they do this, Zimbabwe can become a successful country with lots of investment and opportunities for everyone.

"Zimbabwe Government’s Newly Issued 'Title deeds' Unbankable And Worthless"

Kudakwashe Tagwirei, chairperson of the Land Tenure Implementation Committee, said the introduction of bankable title deeds for State-owned land will not result in financial institutions seizing large tracts of land or lead to a reversal of the Land Reform Programme.
Speaking on ZBCTV’s “Face the Nation” programme on Wednesday night, Tagwirei said it would be impossible for banks to confiscate land from beneficiaries of the agrarian reform who fail to repay loans extended under the scheme.
He also rejected claims that he would personally seize land from struggling or defaulting farmers, adding that the issuance of title deeds would indirectly address issues related to multiple farm ownership. Said Tagwirei:
<blockquote>
The land belongs to the Government, it does not belong to the bank. If you look at the total value of this land that we are talking about, the actual value is around US$20 billion. There is no bank that can give a mortgage for that land.
So what the banks are merely doing is administering the mortgage that this farmer is going to get (through Government) on that piece of land. The ultimate owner of this land still remains Government, it’s not the bank that owns it.
When the bank is ‘repossessing’ this land for whatever reason, maybe the farmer has failed to pay, remember that the owner is still the Government… ok? They (banks) will have to consult Government, obviously, when they are doing that process.
One of the things that you must understand is that these farmers are supposed to be commercial farmers, not subsistence farmers.
When you were applying to get that piece of land, you were saying I want to be a commercial farmer.
And the risks that are associated with being a commercial farmer are that you must make sure that you work the land so that you are able to pay back.
</blockquote>
Tagwirei said that because title deeds are allocated based on an individual’s unique national identification (ID) number, this system could help address public concerns about multiple farm ownership. He said:
<blockquote>
When an ID is given to an individual, to a citizen of this country, the ID is a unique identifier to an individual. When we are issuing title to a farmer, the main focus point is the ID number; we will issue it on the basis of that ID number.
When the bank repossesses this land — because a bank cannot take land — on behalf of Government, the bank cannot then own the land because they have no ID number.
</blockquote>
Tagwirei revealed that banks would solely administer a fund designed to, among other things, provide affordable financing to farmers.
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

Banks cannot take land from farmers with title deeds, says Tagwirei. Title deeds will not lead to banks seizing land. The land still belongs to the government. Banks can only help farmers get loans with the land as security. Farmers must be commercial, not subsistence. Title deeds are linked to farmers' unique ID numbers to prevent multiple ownership. Banks will only manage a fund to help farmers get affordable loans. Farmers must work the land to pay back the loans. Tagwirei will not personally take land from farmers in trouble. Land is still government property, not the banks'.

Banks Can't Seize Land From Farmers With Title Deeds, Says Tagwirei

The Zimbabwean government announced a significant change to its land policy, permitting beneficiaries of past land reforms to sell or transfer their farms, but exclusively to “indigenous Zimbabweans.”
Speaking to the media after a cabinet meeting in Harare on Tuesday, October 8, Information, Publicity and Broadcasting Services Minister, Jenfan Muswere, said that the new policy aims to “unlock value” and will provide farmers who benefited from the 2000 land reforms with a “bankable, registrable, and transferable document of tenure.”
The government has also implemented an indefinite moratorium on the issuance of new 99-year leases or permits for agricultural land.
This announcement may indicate the conclusion of Zimbabwe’s contentious land reform programme, which involved the seizure of land from white owners and its redistribution to indigenous blacks.
Below is the announcement by Muswere in full:
<blockquote>
The land reform programme was carried out for the purpose of divesting ownership of agricultural land from the minority white farmers to the black majority people of Zimbabwe.
The rationale of the land reform was to address the inequalities that existed during the colonial era and to ensure that every Zimbabwean had equitable access to his finite resource.
The constitution and other legislative provisions that deal with the administration of agricultural land have mechanisms and safeguards to ensure that the legacy and benefits of the land reform are protected and land reform is irreversible.
The noticeable new paradigm amongst Zimbabwean farmers, especially the majority of beneficiaries of land reform, is to regard and conduct farming as a business; as a source of both livelihood and means to increasing personal economic value. Our young people have positively embraced the land reform programme and now account for a significant proportion of the country’s commercial farmers.
The government has since 2008 put in place various programmes to assist farmers to be productive on the land. The support includes the Baccossi Inputs and Mechanisation Equipment; Maguta and the Special Grains Import Substitution Programme among others.
In the second republic, the country has witnessed and benefited from the government’s deliberate and complementary policy of incorporating accelerated infrastructure development which includes road construction and rehabilitation incorporating the much needed rural roads; dam construction; irrigation and housing development.
While our people are endowed with agricultural land resulting from progressive government policies, they continue to grapple with the following challenges:
1. Difficulty in accessing affordable, appropriately structured and adequate finance for sustainable commercial agriculture.
2. In the absence of security of tenure, the farmers are not sufficiently motivated to invest adequately and to develop robust infrastructure on their farms to enhance sustainable production.
3. The threat to land tenure, especially to successors entitled to land held by beneficiaries of the land reform programme (such as children or war veterans) arising from inheritance and fraudulent succession issues.
4. While the government conceived and implemented these positive programmes, there have been varying levels of accountability from the farmers with a significant proportion of the farmers feeling no obligation to pay back loans advanced.
Consequently, the government has remained saddled with debt emanating from unpaid agricultural loans by many farmers.
5. The menace of land barons who have little or no regard for our town and country planning laws and policies has put a strain on the local authorities’ infrastructure. The land barons develop haphazard and unplanned settlements with no basic services such as water, electricity, sewer reticulation and storm water drainage.
Against this background and in line with section 292 of the constitution read together with sections 289, 293 and 294 that obligates the state to give security of tenure to every person and to alienate for value agricultural land among other requirements, the government will implement the following measures:
1. All land held by beneficiaries of the land reform programme under 99-year leases; offer letters and permits will now be held under a bankable, registrable and transferable document of tenure to be issued by the government of Zimbabwe to beneficiaries. As such, beneficiries of the land reform programme will now have enhanced security of tenure to the land they legitimately hold.
This new policy will invariably be informed by the following guidelines:
a) Priority will be given to veterans of the liberation struggle, women and youths.
b) Security of tenure to all agricultural land regularised under this programme will at all times only be transferable among indigenous Zimbabwe.
c) The land targeted for the new land tenure system will exclude communal land that is under the jurisdiction of traditional chiefs.
2. Urban land will only be made commercially available to credible and approved land developers who will add value to the land in compliance with all relevant laws and protocols. Ultimately, the goal is to establish high quality housing developments in fulfilment of our vision of an upper-middle income society by 2030. Areas that are not in use within cities will be considered for development. Urban renewal, urban transformation and regularisation will also be given priority.
These agricultural and urban land measures will have a huge impact on our economic growth, and will unlock the full value of the land while enhancing the performance of our economy. This will facilitate accelerated investments in agriculture and associated value chains which include irrigation, dam construction, power supply and rural road construction.
The economic value enhancement on land will further unlock resources for the fulfilment of constitutional obligations related to land reform. All these measures will complement current efforts towards an upper middle income economy, which will be achieved by 2030.
The president has constituted a cabinet oversight committee chaired by defence minister Oppah Muchinguri Kashiri to lead this reform process.
A technical committee – the Land Tenure Implementation Committee (LTIC) – to coordinate and steer the implementation of this process will also be constituted.
These committees will work diligently to develop improved security of tenure for land beneficiaries, while ensuring that value of agricultural and urban state land is fully unlocked to guarantee inclusive and nationwide economic development. Detailed terms of reference have been developed for the two committees.
Accordingly, the government hereby issues an indefinite moratorium on the issuance of any new 99-year leases or permits for agricultural land.
In conclusion, the government remains committed to jealously safeguarding the gains of the liberation struggle including our precious land and everything beneath it. Never again will our land fall back into the hands of our erstwhile colonisers. The utilisation of this land will be guided by our time-tested mantra: Nyika Inovakwa Nevene Vayo/Ilizwe Lakhiwa Ngabanikazi Balo.
</blockquote>
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

The Zimbabwean government is allowing farmers who benefited from past land reforms to sell their land, but only to indigenous Zimbabweans. This new policy aims to provide farmers with a bankable document of tenure. The government has also stopped issuing new 99-year leases for agricultural land. The announcement may mark the end of the land reform program that took land from white owners and gave it to black Zimbabweans. The government wants to help farmers be productive, face challenges, and improve the economy. Committees will work on implementing the new policy, which aims to unlock the economic value of land and achieve an upper middle income economy by 2030.

Zimbabwe Government Eases Land Policy: Resettled Farmers Can Now Sell Land To Indigenous Blacks

Renowned Zimbabwean journalist and filmmaker Hopewell Chin’ono says the country’s land reform programme, which was accelerated by the Robert Mugabe administration around 2000, needs to be redone.
Chin’ono said that productive farmers should receive land, rather than allowing politically connected individuals to acquire large tracts of land that they subsequently lease out.
Chin’ono’s remarks came in response to a statement issued on Tuesday, October 1, by Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) spokesperson Commissioner Paul Nyathi concerning allegations that community members invaded Strathmore Farm in Banket and stole potatoes.
Commissioner Nyathi said the farm belongs to Retired High Court Judge Vernanda Cecil Ziyambi and is currently leased to Jonathan Timothy Mackwade for potato farming.
He also said preliminary investigations suggest the farm manager authorised farm workers and locals to collect damaged potatoes from the harvested field the day after the harvest was completed.
In his comments, Chin’ono asserted that land is currently held by the wrong people and should be reallocated to those who will use it productively. Wrote Chin’ono on X:
<blockquote>
To my South African friends and followers on this timeline who are always asking me why Zimbabweans come to South Africa to do menial jobs when they have land in Zimbabwe. Below is your answer.
What you are reading in the document in the quoted tweet (statement by Commissioner Nyathi) explains what went wrong with land reform in Zimbabwe.
Land is given to those connected to ZANU-PF, but they are not necessarily farmers.
They then rent the farms to white farmers who were kicked off the land, so what happened in Zimbabwe is not land reform, but thugs taking over land and renting it out instead of giving it to people with expertise to use it.
In a normal society, a judge who is not a farmer would not have been given land only to rent it out to the real farmer. 
This makes food in Zimbabwe more expensive because the farmer has to pay rent to someone who produces nothing and got the land for free without paying a penny.
Judges receive these farms as a thank you for passing illegal rulings against the regime’s political opponents! 
Land is in the hands of the wrong people. 
If the real farmer had been given access to this state land, the cost of potatoes would be cheaper because they wouldn’t have to factor in rent paid to the “farmer-owner.”
Land reform will have to be redone in Zimbabwe in a way that is sustainable, fair, and economic. 
What ZANU PF did is akin to invading a plane without knowing how to fly it, then asking the pilot to use it for a while in exchange for rentals.
The real farmer can’t develop the farm because it is not in their name, as they can be kicked off by the official owner.
Land is in the hands of a ZANUPF mafia that charges protection fees/rentals to white farmers to allow them to continue farming.
This practice perpetuates historical inequalities and has negative economic consequences for the country.
The cost of food production rises due to this added layer of rent, and the overall productivity of the agricultural sector suffers because experienced farmers are not given the opportunity to fully utilise their skills and resources.
A sustainable and equitable land reform process would prioritise allocating land to those with the knowledge and experience to use it effectively.
This would not only improve agricultural productivity but also help address historical injustices and empower previously disadvantaged communities.
Today, the majority of the previously disadvantaged are still disadvantaged. I was one of the top three Boer goat breeders in Zimbabwe from around 2015 doing it at my ancestral plot.
A former governor for Mashonaland East asked me to join ZANUPF if I wanted land. Of course, I politely said no.
The judge can’t own land, it is state land. She has a lease, and because she is part of the ruling elite, she can rent it out and make money from something she didn’t pay a penny for. Her husband, Tarisai Ziyambi, was also a government minister.
If people who can produce and have the production expertise have to beg people who can’t produce for land, it is a Banana Republic. Zimbabwe is a crime scene!!!!
</blockquote>
More: <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/">Pindula News</a>

Zimbabwe needs to redo land reform because wrong people have land. Land is given to politically connected people who rent it out. This makes farming more expensive and lowers productivity. The real farmers are not given a chance to use the land effectively. Land reform should be fair and give land to those who can use it well. Currently, those with expertise in farming are overlooked. Hopewell Chin'ono says land reform should be redone in a way that helps everyone, not just a few people.

Zimbabwe’s Land Reform Programme Must Be Redone - Chin'ono

The family of Emma Machacha, <a href="https://www.pindula.co.zw/Zanu-PF">ZANU PF</a> vice-chairperson for Masango district, has been evicted from Koala Farm and dumped along the Harare-Seke Road.
The family was one of the twelve families that were ordered by the High Court to vacate the farm.
Machacha spoke to NewsDay indicating that the families were left stranded. NewsDay quotes Machacha as saying:
<blockquote>
We received a court order to move out last week on Tuesday. We had established our settlements here and have crops and chicken runs. They are now destroying our assets and throwing them on the road.
</blockquote>
Simbarashe Chimbi, a liberation war fighter whose family was among the evicted, told NewsDay that the farm was taken over by the government in 2000 soon after land invasions and parcelled out to several families. Chimbi is cited as saying:
<blockquote>
This farm was given to the people in 2000 after government acquired it. All along, we knew that government owned this farm. The Local Government ministry did not tell us that it had sold the farm to a company called Lilly Investments.
We didn’t know that government was giving out title deeds for farms and yet this white businessman only known as Benjamin managed to acquire one. These people who evicted us are the same people who are now asking us to vote for them.
</blockquote>
The farm, which is located some 13km south of Harare, has reportedly been sold to a company called Lilly Pilly Investments.
<h2><a href="https://zero.pindula.co.zw/">More Pindula News</a></h2>

ZANU PF Official's Family Evicted From Farm

Political analysts Monday commended Citizens Coalition for Change (CCC) leader Nelson Chamisa for supporting the land reform programme saying that it showed that his new political outfit was different from the MDC.
During the CCC weekend rally to launch its campaign for 26 March by-elections, Chamisa stated that he was in support of the land reform programme, except for the violent takeover of land. Said the former ICT minister:
<blockquote>
I have come back to say Mugabe (the late former President Robert Mugabe), Nkomo (the late former Vice-President Joshua Nkomo, Tsvangirai (the late MDC-T leader Morgan Tsvangirai) and Dabengwa (the late ZAPU president Dumiso Dabengwa), I have commenced finishing the work you started in Zimbabwe.
Triple C means Chimurenga CheZimbabwe Chechina. The first Chimurenga was a revolutionary uprising. The Second Chimurenga was about freedom and the Third Chimurenga was about giving land back to the people of Zimbabwe. I unreservedly agree with the land reform minus the other challenges of violence, but the fourth Chimurenga is now about restoring citizens’ dignity, freedom, liberation and democracy stolen by politicians.
</blockquote>
Political analyst Methuseli Moyo said Chamisa’s remarks show that the CCC is aware that land is crucial to the politics of Zimbabwe and the party must, therefore, establish an authentic, intimate relationship with the issue and by extension the majority of voters.  Moyo added:
<blockquote>
That is a progressive move by CCC. Its predecessor, the MDC portrayed itself as anti-land reform and that retarded its appeal to a large section of voters.
</blockquote>
Another analyst Farai Maguwu said there was a need to rationalise land reform and ensure the land is productive again while also resettling many landless citizens. Added Maguwu:
<blockquote>
The speech resonated with the aspirations of Zimbabweans.
</blockquote>
Another Political commentator, Vivid Gwede, said Chamisa’s backing of the land reform is a significant stance as ZANU PF had always constructed the main opposition as anti-land reform to escape criticism on how the land question was handled.  
Gwede observed that the standpoint was not entirely new as it dates back to the Tsvangirai-led MDC adding that it was imperative for the CCC party to clarify its policy stance on the land issue.
Scholar Nhamo Mhiripiri added perceived rejection of Chimurenga, liberation and land reform has been the weak spot of the opposition’s ideologies.
More: <a href="https://www.newsday.co.zw/2022/02/chamisa-embraces-land-reform-programme/">NewsDay Zimbabwe</a>

Chamisa Commended For Supporting The Land Reform Programme

Zimbabwe’s Pfumvudza, an agricultural programme,  has been criticised by some social media users who view it as the government’s way of proving its incompetence and inability to provide modern technologies to boost production.
Pfumvudza is a concept introduced this year which <a href="https://www.herald.co.zw/new-farming-concept-unveiled/?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=ec6323ff84c456e54821bd4fdea21f98102e114e-1601314718-0-AXGbL1SdMjacIDUzDysLnGPPmDROCCJFM68PvCXJtU1bfQiYOYYsKW3G6plNNvhb7gThcuWhwPVInHfpOW_xYXtiMOT7m21KB57rM9FM0sj7iv9j8Yv2sxkZmFqRe6Fsy3MyY-8qp198RNznb5dJPRQ5XnM-35jfMhT9XtXK2dnUneaoRh2CDtHUPWn9zJsbcay_PxNwxCSLYNuXm8kyvsqkUsALMta_hX8owC4uIfpPGaXLF6SgY_Zx0SAECpDMe64r-louoHaJrla0-M0SYi3xqqQU4YITCJJ2xsIwjb0aPECfQPV_R--052GvNUjcgH0naCHU2_qgHvGtsFgJxaBT227-d1E04umZnsWfG2znl6YFmNUvkoEl-20diAZNI8eRnPNDEXtq0SIIMQua62zxUK9IrTx3sNOaF1XMLtRAKMSss0UhY1ygwMQWXHHmhnDSlJ_XvYCXRKtV93TNvJzoHdMOzUe2VtUJ5bWedaLamxnBl-p2TvZ7-dNwyr5UnIBQ5SINBJ1NhPtgV5T3EMM" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">involves the utilisation of small pieces of land and applying the correct agronomic practices</a> in an endeavour to have higher returns.
The Pfumvudza concept comes at a time when over half of the country is reported to be <a href="https://zero.pindula.co.zw/zimbabwe-faces-starvation-matching-that-of-somalia-and-yemen-un/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">facing severe starvation due to drought and years of poor agriculture policies.</a> One Helen Mutsvairo posted on Twitter suggesting that the concept was backward. Tweeted Helen:
<blockquote>This Pfumvudza business is proof of how low our standards are. How does digging randomn holes in dry soil ensure food security for the whole country? They hire private jets instead of irrigation equipment &amp; tractors for rural folk. ZANU PF is moving us to the 100yrs back in time.
</blockquote>
While some agreed with Helen, another social media user <a href="https://twitter.com/mataruka_isiah/status/1310346253427978241" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Isaiah Mataruka</a> suggested that the people commenting on Pfumvudza had little information on the programme. Mataruka said:
<blockquote>Not sure if you are familiar with the agri pivot this year. Irrigation is there and <a data-focusable="true" dir="ltr" href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Pfumvudza?src=hashtag_click" role="link">#Pfumvudza</a> is for households. Choose what suits your goals. Pfumvudza is to ensure every household harvest enough for consumption!</blockquote>
Zimbabwe has since the turn of the millennium when <a href="https://zero.pindula.co.zw/has-the-land-reform-been-a-success-economically-mliswa-interrogates-the-matter/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the fast track land reform programme</a> was implemented, has not been able to produce enough agriculture produce to feed the national, let alone export.
The Southern African country used to be the breadbasket of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) but as some say, has become a basket case.
Zimbabwe is reportedly <a href="https://zero.pindula.co.zw/zimbabwe-spending-close-to-a-billion-to-import-maize-annually-report/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">spending close to a billion United States dollars</a>, annually, to import grain.
Some analysts have urged the government to adopt scientific and modern farming methods which include water harvesting and farming of small grain crops to avert hunger.
More: <a href="https://twitter.com/Nyasha_Mu/status/1310213855298060290" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Helen Mutsvairo</a>

Zimbabwe's Pfumvudza Agric Programme Criticised

Zimbabwe’s Minister of Lands, Perrance Shiri has said that the government has instituted the process to give the land back to white farmers who were dispossessed during the fast-track land reform.
He, however, dismissed the reports that the process is tantamount to the reversal of the land reform programme. Shiri said:
<blockquote>Fortunately, we still haven’t resettled people on 350 such farms, but on paper, they have been acquired and are now State land. People were resettled on 90 farms which formerly belonged to indigenous farmers of which 22 are A2 settlements, what we are simply saying is that, we want to give back those farms to indigenous farmers, especially the 350 where indigenous farmers are still carrying out their operations.</blockquote>
Meanwhile, the recently gazetted Statutory Instrument 62 of 2020 Land Commission (Gazetted Land)(Disposal in Lieu of Compensation) Regulations, 2020 defines “acquired agricultural land” as land (or any piece thereof) compulsorily acquired under the Land Reform and Resettlement Programme.
The SI also states that an individual (whether indigenous or not) who had completed the purchase of a farm from the State in terms of a lease with an option to purchase is qualified to get land back.
The SI also states that the government will give back foreign-owned farms that were theoretically protected under Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (BIPPAs) and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs).
More: <a href="https://www.newsday.co.zw/2020/03/350-farmers-to-get-back-lost-land/">NewsDay</a>

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